| REVIEW ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2021 | Volume
: 33
| Issue : 4 | Page : 379-387 |
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Ocular abnormal head posture: A literature review
Mohamad Reza Akbari1, Masoud Khorrami-Nejad2, Haleh Kangari3, Alireza Akbarzadeh Baghban4, Mehdi Ranjbar Pazouki5
1 Translational Ophthalmology Research center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Proteomics Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Correspondence Address:
Masoud Khorrami-Nejad
School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
DOI: 10.4103/joco.joco_114_20
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Purpose: To provide a comprehensive review on different characteristics of abnormal head postures (AHPs) due to different ocular causes, its measurement, and its effect on facial appearance.
Methods: In this review article, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines were searched for the scientific articles and books published between 1975 and September 2020 based on the keywords of this article. The selected articles were collected, summarized, classified, evaluated, and finally concluded.
Results: AHP can be caused by various ocular or nonocular diseases. The prevalence of ocular causes of AHP was reported to be 18%–25%. 1.1% of patients presenting to ophthalmology clinics has AHP. The first step in evaluating a patient with AHP is a correct differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular sources by performing comprehensive eye examinations and ruling out other causes of orthopedic and neurological AHP. Ocular AHP occurs for a variety of reasons, the most important of which include nystagmus, superior oblique palsy, and Duane's retraction syndrome. AHP may be an essential clinical sign for an underlying disease, which can only be appropriately treated by the accurate determination of the cause. Long-standing AHP may lead to facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes.
Conclusion: In conclusion, a proper differential diagnosis between nonocular and ocular causes, knowledge of the different forms of AHP and their measurement methods, accurate diagnosis of the cause, and proper and timely treatment of ocular AHP can prevent facial asymmetry and secondary muscular and skeletal changes in the patients.
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